: Traditional orchard landscape represents one class of traditional agricultural landscape in Slovakia that consists of mosaics of arable-land, grasslands and orchards and provides evidence of former small-scale farming in Slovakia. The aim of this research is to investigate species richness of vascular plants on balks (forms of anthropogenic relief) in traditional orchard landscape of Slovakia. Forms of anthropogenic relief include terrace slopes, step balks and stone banks or heaps. The most spread frequent type of these forms are step balks. Since balk vegetation in plots narrow only up to 3 metres is always strongly influenced by species from surrounding grasslands, arable fields and orchards, it is difficult to classify this vegetation into common phytosociological units. When balks were mown, species composition was close to the surrounding grasslands or orchard meadows. When balks were not managed, the proportion of trees increased what caused decline of herbaceous species richness, but increase of the structural diversity. This research of the response of biodiversity to land use in traditional fruit orchards has shown that although being artificial patches, traditional orchards help maintain biodiversity in rural agricultural landscape.